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• Slum dwellers say basic needs unmet
• Data collection crucial to improving living conditions
• Harassment, lack of political will hamper efforts

JOHANNESBURG/RIO DE JANEIRO - When 46-year-old data collector Mfanzile Msibi and his team started mapping slums more than a decade ago near Johannesburg, they realised that tens of thousands of slum dwellers were unaccounted for in government records.

The local Ekurhuleni government, a city east of Johannesburg, had recognised 102 slum settlements in 2009, but the Informal Settlement Network (ISN), a South African social movement, found that over a dozen communities were missing from records.

"We realised we needed to have information about ourselves," Msibi told Context from the Johannesburg office of ISN's partner organisation, the Community Organisation Resource Centre (CORC).

"So we started profiling the informal settlements, and from there it spread to other communities."

More than one billion people globally reside in overcrowded communities, a figure which is , according to the United Nations.

But scarce data, wary residents, and a lack of support from local authorities make it difficult to map slum dwellers' needs and deliver public services, data collectors say.

From Africa to Latin America, activists and residents are teaming up to collect information like family sizes and settlement plans to lobby authorities for investment in public services like sanitation and waste collection.

Ekurhuleni city officials said that "there was no discrepancy (in records) but rather ... some informal settlements mushroomed without being noticed in the most hidden places".

The Department of Human Settlements "recently verified and updated the number" of settlements, the spokesperson added in emailed comments, adding that the most recent verification this year recorded a total of 135 settlements in the city.

Msibi confirmed that "these communities are now accounted for and now receive government services."

The ISN and CORC data collectors are now piloting a project that relies on the community members to collect and recycle waste in over a dozen slums in Johannesburg, said Daniel Moalahi, another ISN data collector, adding that their work helps minimise protests about poor government service delivery.

Mapping

For data collectors, tracking the name and the history of the slums is key to getting them access to facilities, infrastructure, or even a spot on a map.

Initially data collection in slums was done with paper and a clipboard by groups like Slum Dwellers International (SDI), but new technology and a younger, digitally-focused generation have made their work easier.

Data collectors, who are generally unpaid, are trained by organisations like SDI, and use tablets to ask slum dwellers about their history, hardships and what they need - information that can then be used to lobby local government.

For example, ISN data collectors noticed there were not enough waste bins in Johannesburg slums, resulting in a lack of refuse collection.

They worked to number homes and build maps of where residents were located "to figure out who is where," said Moalahi.

Data collectors also promote "re-blocking", that is repositioning informal structures like shacks to make way for fire breaks and wider roads so emergency vehicles can pass through.

The city confirmed they are implementing a re-blocking programme in Ekurhuleni to provide better water, sanitation, waste removal, health care services and road access to "far-flung" settlements.

Mfunidisi Masithe, another ISN data collector, said his team also "identify people who are not in school (to help register them), people who need to register for social grants and those who are disabled and need help."

Thousands of kilometers away, Rio's favelas face similar issues. About 1.3 million people live in high-density communities, often without access to adequate shelter or water.

One of these is Jacarezinho, a , according to a 2022 government census. At a forum in May, locals voiced their concerns around teachers' salaries, rubbish collection, police presence, and unemployment.

"People want to be heard", said Kayo Moura, a 28-year old organiser with Labjaca, a collective that researches slum aid in Jacarezinho.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, organisations like Labjaca and Catalytic Communities, a nonprofit, .

Last year, Labjaca advocated for free water access for Jacarezinho dwellers living with less than 497 BRL ($100.64) per month, through of 70 families using a platform called KoboToolbox.

The survey results were referenced as part of a judicial action to guarantee a to the area in March. The outcome is still pending.   

Pushing for formalisation of settlements is also a big part of data collectors' work, said Msibi of ISN.

"Ekurhuleni passed a resolution in January saying they were going to focus on formalising informal settlements", he said.

"This is the song we have been singing. But you cannot use a blanket approach to formalise all informal settlements, each one is different with different needs."

Obstacles

Data collectors from Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni reported several challenges when engaging with slum dwellers, such as sexual harassment, suspicion of their work and requests for money.

"As a female data collector, we sometimes have to have males around. Some men will say 'Give me something in exchange,' when we ask for information," said 26 year-old Mirriam Nxangane, of the South African Federation of the Urban Poor (FEDUP).

Across both Africa and Latin America, organisations cited a mutual distrust with authorities and police as well as a lack of political will as hampering efforts to improve living conditions.

Last year, hundreds of in an attempt to bring security to the neighbourhood, part of a long-running project to allow the police to engage with residents.

However, the scheme suffered from budget cuts and inconsistent support from state governments - which Moura says makes it difficult for residents to trust that the state or the police will improve their situation.

"Some of the solutions for favelas are already known. Some of the good practises are already known. They're simply not implemented," Moura said.

For Beth Chitekwe-Biti, the acting managing director of SDI, "getting cities without slums is a pipe dream (but) having slums where people's dignity is respected is a possibility."

($1 = 4.9385 reais)

(Reporting by Adam Smith @adamndsmith in London, Kim Harrisberg @KimHarrisberg in Johannesburg, Fabio Teixeira @ffctt in Rio de Janeiro, Editing by Zoe Tabary)