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NAIROBI/LAGOS - Protracted armed conflicts in Sudan, Yemen and the Democratic Republic of Congo and escalating gang violence in Haiti are fuelling hunger and displacing people and show no signs of ebbing in 2025.

Here's how the four countries are struggling with urgent humanitarian crises that lack enough attention and funding.

Sudan

War in Sudan has created the world's largest displacement of people, with more than 12 million people forced from their homes since the fighting began in April 2023.

The civil war, pitting the Sudanese army against the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has rapidly spread from the capital Khartoum to areas such as Darfur and states including Sennar, Al Gedaref, Al Jazirah and Blue Nile.

The United Nations estimates up to have been killed in Darfur alone. More than Sudanese are displaced within the country, and more than 3 million have become refugees in neighbouring countries, including Chad, Egypt and South Sudan.

Human rights groups, including a , accuse both sides of widespread rights abuses, including rape, torture and arbitrary arrests. The paramilitary RSF is also accused of ethnic cleansing in Darfur.

The war has also led to a catastrophic food crisis. The U.N. in the North Darfur region in August. This means that people are already dying from hunger and related conditions such as malnutrition and infection.

Around 25 million people in Sudan – more than half the population – face , with children most at risk of developing severe acute malnutrition.

Yemen

Yemen is experiencing one of the world's most severe humanitarian crises, primarily due to a combination of ongoing conflict, economic collapse and underdevelopment.

The U.N. says - almost half the country's population - are in need of assistance.

The crisis began escalating in 2015 when a civil war broke out between Houthi rebels, who control the capital Sana'a and much of the north, and the internationally recognized government. The conflict has drawn in regional powers, notably Saudi Arabia and Iran, exacerbating the situation.

The warring parties agreed to a de facto , but flare-ups continue.

Widespread destruction of infrastructure, including hospitals, schools and essential services, have severely limited people's access to basics such as healthcare, clean water, electricity and education.

A imposed by the Saudi-led coalition has further restricted the flow of food, medicine and fuel, leading to shortages and inflated prices.

Yemen's economy has collapsed, with millions losing their livelihoods. The rial currency is in meltdown as oil and gas exports remain obstructed. The cost of food has increased by .

This has led to widespread poverty, making it difficult for families to afford food and basic necessities.

A banking crisis has prevented people from accessing their deposits, further straining fragile business operations and delaying major humanitarian programmes.

Political instability and the breakdown of social services have displaced around .

Democratic Republic of Congo

Despite its fertile agricultural lands, abundant water and mineral resources, the Democratic Republic of Congo has faced decades of conflict, multiple disease outbreaks and the fallout from climate change, and that has fuelled poverty and hunger.

Fight for control over the country’s coltan mines and other metals between armed groups and the military has displaced more than .

Already grappling with epidemics of measles and Ebola, the Democratic Republic of Congo was hit by a Mpox outbreak in 2024 that claimed the lives of more than 1,000 people and spread to several African countries.

In February, the country experienced its worst floods in 60 years, wiping out and hectares of farmlands.

According to the U.N. World Food Programme, about , a quarter of the country's population, are currently facing a food crisis.

Disease and hunger could worsen the humanitarian disaster in the Central African nation next year and have long-term implications for the country's development and stability.

Haiti

Gang violence and a political crisis in Haiti has resulted in catastrophic humanitarian consequences in the Caribbean nation.

Gun battles between gangs and the police in and around the capital Port-au-Prince have forced over , more than half of whom are children, to flee their homes.

Many of Haiti's live in makeshift settlements, with little to no access to basic services.

About 5 million people in Haiti, nearly half of the country's population, that is exacerbated by inflation, poor harvests and extreme weather events like hurricanes.

A coalition of gangs known as Viv Ansanm has over the country, while the political leadership is wracked by infighting. A long-delayed foreign security mission has made scarce progress.

Gangs have taken over much of Port-au-Prince and expanded into nearby regions, where they are accused of indiscriminate killings, gang rapes, ransom kidnappings and causing critical food shortages.

In just one weekend in early December, about 180 people were in the capital's Cite Soleil slum neighbourhood.

Haitian women and children bear the disproportionate burden of the surge in violence in gang-controlled neighborhoods, including rape and forced recruitment into gangs.

According to the U.N.’s children agency UNICEF, up to half of all members in armed groups are children who are "."

(Additional reporting by Anastasia Moloney; Editing by Ayla Jean Yackley)